Pathogen Abundance
63 * ten seven ± 2.72 * ten nine ), accompanied by Letter. ceranae (1.58 * 10 7 ± step three.56 * 10 8 ), BQCV (4.84 * 10 six ± step 1.52 * 10 8 ), and you may DWV (8.40 * 10 5 ± step 1.54 * 10 eight ) (Desk S3). An equivalent abundance trend was submitted inside for every single part and you will website (Table S3).
The highest variety are utilized in Halictus scabiosae having DWV (ten * ten 8 ), for the Anthidium loti and you will Episyrphus balteatus getting KBV (ten * 10 5 ); when you look at the Halictus fulvipes, Andrena hattorfiana, and you may Osmia bicornis having ABPV (10 * 10 six ); from inside the Eucera eucnemidea getting CBPV and you may SBV (ten * ten ten and you may 10 * 10 7 , respectively); for the Bombus sylvarum getting BQCV (10 * ten 9 ); in Anthidium florentinum and you may Lasioglossum villosulum to possess AmFV (ten * ten 5 ); inside H. fulvipes and you may Bombus terrestris having N. ceranae (ten * 10 nine ); within the Bombus pascuorum and you may B. terrestris having C. bombi (10 * ten eight ); in A. florentinum and you may Elizabeth. eucnemidea having S. apis (10 * ten 5 ); and also in Halictus simplex and Andrena distinguenda getting S. melliferum (ten * 10 6 ) (Dining table S1). A couple some one (Chelostoma rapunculi and you can Lasioglossum malachurum) sampled inside July in ERMO have been positive for L. passim (ten * ten 3 ) (Desk S1), if you find yourself a couple of someone tested into the July, H. simplex and you can Halictus cochlearitarsis, respectively, from PIAI and you may ERES was discover self-confident having An effective. apis (10 * ten 5 ) (Desk S1).
For all pathogens except CBPV, L. passim, and S. apis, new host taxon, sampling web site, and you may few days was in fact tall predictors from abundance (Desk 5). All the about three points in the list above were significantly coordinated on the variety of DWV, BQCV, Letter. ceranae, and you may C. bombi.
Desk 5 Significativity of sampling website, taxon, and times of your range since the predictors out of pathogen variety (Kruskal–Wallis analysis).
Seasonal Manner
In February, a high frequency of pathogens is recognized, due primarily to the newest constant thickness from one another Letter. ceranae and you will DWV. Just after a high fall off, each other Letter. ceranae and DWV started again increasing, getting together with an optimum in September. Yet not, the entire pathogen abundance peaked inside the July, shortly after a steady raise inside the earlier seasons (Profile 3).
Figure step 3 Pathogen frequency (top) and you may variety (bottom) on the testing 12 months (March–October) for the nuts variety (left) and you will Apis mellifera (right). Abundance try revealed since the a quantitative logarithm.
Intricate blog post-hoc evaluations was claimed from inside the Desk S4. Statistical differences in pathogen variety are provided for the Rates S1, S2. Temporarily, into the February, a notably Altro aiuto large variety away from ABPV and Letter. ceranae are thought of, whereas the fresh new abundance of S. melliferum try significantly higher in-may. Plus, the new wealth out of BQCV and you can C. bombi is notably higher when you look at the Summer, the newest wealth regarding DWV and SBV is actually significantly high inside FV try significantly highest when you look at the September. No high distinctions was basically seen to own KBV, CBPV, L. passim, S. apis, and you can Good. apis (p > 0.05).
Trojan Phylogenesis
The fresh viral sequences was indeed read so you can clarify you can architectural spatial and you can/or temporal similarities. The sequenced worms separated from the additional pollinator varieties belonged to your same strainsparing the positive people each widespread series led to finest homology. Hence, these analyses was indeed presented on quantity of new server types in the place of personally. Every viral sequences were much like the Eu trojan sequences found in GenBank.
All the sequences owned by ABPV (letter = 33) (Profile cuatro) and you will AmFV (n = 14) (Contour 5) which were recognised contained in this study clustered inside a big solitary clade. This new sequences don’t disagree one of the individuals host varieties and you may sampling sites.